Comparison of the metabolic profile of arabidopsis plants treated with aba, or exposed to high soil salinity, revealed abainduced and abaindependent steps of salt stressinduced metabolic rearrangements kempa et al. We reported previously that a cis acting promoter element, the dehydration response. Improving plant drought, salt, and freezing tolerance by gene transfer of a single stress inducible transcription factor skip to main content thank you for visiting. Leaf area represents a measure of plant growth, which can be affected by different stresses, including salt stress. The responses to salt stress comprise of wide range of changes at the molecular, biochemical and physiological levels. High salinity induces different oxidative stress and. These changes include increases in the rootcanopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the leaf anatomy. A possible survival strategy for plants under saline conditions is to use some compounds that could alleviate the salt stress effect. Autophagy is required for tolerance of drought and salt. Introduction when irrigation water contains a high concentration of solutes and when there is no opportunity to flush out accumulated salts to a drainage system, salts can quickly reach levels that are injurious to saltsensitive species. Effect of salt stress on plant growth and metabolism of bean.
Salicylic acid sa is a signalling molecule known to participate in defence responses against variety of environmental stresses. Study the effect of salt stress on morphomolecular. Plant salt stress is a condition where excessive salts in soil solution cause inhibition of plant growth or plant death. As a consequence of the primary effects, secondary stresses such as oxidative damage often occur. Plant cells are capable of sensing high salinity hyperosmolarity and ion specific signals of salt stress. Most plants are glycophytes and cannot tolerate salt stress sairam and tyagi. Molecular plant volume 2 number 3 pages 526534 may 2009 research article prefoldins 3 and 5 play an essential role in arabidopsis tolerance to salt stress miguel a.
In the alga parachlorella kessleri grown under salt stress conditions, we observed significant increases in cell size and ld content. Mar 08, 2016 moreover, some developmental stages, including germination, seedling emergence, and flowering are more sensitive to salt stress, and therefore the effects of high salinity depend on the plant developmental stage houle et al. Transcriptome sequencing may provide a functional view of the plant resistance mechanisms to salt stress. During initial exposure to salinity, plants experience water stress, which in turn reduces leaf expansion. In tomato, the ability of the plants to germinate under conditions of high salinity is not always correlated with the ability of the plant to grow under salt stress because both are controlled by different mechanisms foolad and lin, 1997, although some genotypes might display similar tolerance at germination and during vegetative growth. The recently developed cultivars form a much diversed genetic base and may therefore possess a wider range of salts stress tolerance.
Salt stress signaling and mechanisms of plant salt tolerance. Salt stress is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting crop production especially in arid and semiarid regions. Soil salinity is one of the most important global problems that negatively affects crop productivity. Sodicity is a secondary result of salinity in clay soils, where leaching through either natural or human causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress. On a world scale, no toxic substance restricts plant growth more than does salt. Generally the results showed a decrease in leaf area with increasing salinity in the two periods of treatment, after 10 days and when 40% of plants.
The 12 arabidopsis pld members have distinct enzymatic properties and are involved in diverse plant processes hong et al. It is estimated that more than 30 percent of irrigated soil in india has been affected by high soil salinity. Drought, salt, and temperature stressinduced metabolic. Plant adaptation or tolerance to salinity stress involves complex physiological traits, metabolic pathways, and molecular or gene networks.
These data indicate that max mutants are hypersensitive to salt stress at the germination and vegetative stages of growth, and further establish that a reduction in endogenous sl content or impairment in sl signaling compromises the plants ability to tolerate drought and salt stress. Effect of salts stress on the growth and yield of wheat. Among the studied parameters, shoot to root dry mass ratio, leaf sodium content and leaf soluble organic solute content showed no relation with salt tolerance, i. The reduction in growth and yield varies between cultivars and salt concentrations of the medium 10.
When ethylene signaling is prevalent, the plant is tolerant to salt stress but has small rosette and early flowering. Soil salinity is a major source of abiotic plant stress, adversely affecting plant growth, development and productivity. Mechanisms used by plant growthpromoting bacteria to ameliorate the effects of these stresses include the produc. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, kor1 cycles between the transgolgi. Agricultural productivity is severely affected by high soil salinity and is responsible for decline in soil fertility throughout the world. Plant productivity is greatly affected by environmental stresses such as drought, salt loading, and freezing. Evidence is emerging that the plant cell wall is involved in. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and tolerance. It is reported that about 7 % of the total earths land and 20 % of the total. Effects of soil salinity on plant growth salt stress is one of the major abiotic threats to plant life and plant agriculture worldwide and significantly reduces crop yield in affected areas. Salinity is a major abiotic stress limiting growth and productivity of plants in many areas of the world due to increasing use of poor quality of water for irrigation and soil salinization. In terms of salinity stress tolerance, plants can be divided into halophytes and glycophytes.
Considering the devastating effect of salt stress on plants, one of the important tasks for plant biologists is to explore the approaches that are able to develop salt tolerance in crop plants. Plants tolerant to nacl implement a series of adaptations to acclimate to salinity, including morphological, physiological and biochemical changes. In the alga parachlorella kessleri grown under saltstress conditions, we observed significant increases in cell size and ld content. The results listed in table 3 demonstrate the response of the leaf to salt stress. Jan 30, 2012 comparison of the metabolic profile of arabidopsis plants treated with aba, or exposed to high soil salinity, revealed abainduced and abaindependent steps of salt stress induced metabolic rearrangements kempa et al. Salicylic acid sa is a signalling molecule known to participate in defence responses against variety of. It has been shown that the expression of several transgenes promotes a higher level of salt tolerance in some species.
Within days, salt stresscan elicit achange from c3 to the cam crassulacean acid metabolism mode of photosynthesis in this succulent plant. It has been shown that autophagyrelated proteins function in plant responses to salt and osmotic stress,28,40 although. Tolerance mechanism of plants towards salinity is still a debated question. When receptor signaling is prevalent, the plant is sensitive to salt stress but shows large rosette and late flowering. Thus, sl plays an important role in the regulation of. Effects of abiotic stress on plants the university of. After insertion into the endoplasmic reticulum, kor1 cycles between the trans golgi network tgn and the plasma membrane pm. In addition, the role of beneficial plant growthpromoting bacteria in ameliorating many of the deleterious consequences of salt and drought stress is discussed. Positive regulatory role of strigolactone in plant responses.
The content of some secondary plant products is significantly higher in plants grown under salt stress than in. Effects of salt stress on plant growth, stomatal response and. These changes include increases in the rootcanopy ratio and in the chlorophyll content in addition to changes in the. During initial exposure to salinity, plants experience. Modulation of ethylene responses affects plant saltstress. Among many glycoproteins within the plant secretory system, korrigan1 kor1, a membraneanchored endo. For more information on the harmful effects of abiotic stress, see the sections below on plants and animals. Because abiotic stress is widely considered a detrimental effect, the research on this branch of the issue is extensive. Total carbohydrate, fatty acid and protein content were adversely affected due to salinity effect, but increased the level of amino acids, particularly proline. A recent report about how salt stops plant growth got me wondering about whats the latest news regarding plant salt tolerance but first, lets see why watering most plants including all the major crop plants with seawater would be harmful, and likely be lethal.
Among the various sources of soil salinity, irrigation combined with poor drainage is the most serious, because it represents. Moreover, some developmental stages, including germination, seedling emergence, and flowering are more sensitive to salt stress, and therefore the effects of high salinity depend on the plant developmental stage houle et al. Some of the enzymatic machinery for cam metabolism, e. College of biosystems engineering and food science, zhejiang university, hangzhou, 310058 china. On a world scale, no toxic substance restricts plant growth more than does. Hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning as a. Microalgae are known to respond to salinity stress via mechanisms that include accumulation of compatible solutes and synthesis of antioxidants. Dec 09, 2014 in tomato, the ability of the plants to germinate under conditions of high salinity is not always correlated with the ability of the plant to grow under salt stress because both are controlled by different mechanisms foolad and lin, 1997, although some genotypes might display similar tolerance at germination and during vegetative growth. Causes of salinity and plant manifestations to salt stress. Some halophytes excrete salt with the help of specialized glands on their leaf surfaces. Hyperspectral imaging combined with machine learning as a tool to obtain high. Alleviation of salinityinduced oxidative stress, improvement. Molecular plant volume 7 number 4 pages 722738 april 2014 research article salt stress in arabidopsis. Recent studies have shown that stress sensing and signaling components can play important roles in regulating the plant salinity stress response.
Improving plant drought, salt, and freezing tolerance by. In addition, higher salt levels in plant tissues causes over generation of. Salt stress has a major impact on plant growth and crop production, pointing to the importance of understanding the mechanism of salt tolerance in plants. Adverse plant responses to salinity stress depend on the osmotic and toxic effects of salt and on the level and duration of the stress 11. Plant response to salt stress may depend on the balance andor interaction between receptor and ethylene. Activated sos2 phosphorylates and activates the plasma mem. Pdf plant salt stress is a condition where excessive salts in soil solution cause inhibition of plant growth or plant death. Roles of pldpa and auxin signaling in plant response to salt stress. Pdf salt stress signaling and mechanisms of plant salt. Salicylic acid in plant salinity stress signalling and. The content of some secondary plant products is significantly higher in plants grown under salt stress than in those cultivated in normal conditions. Disruption of the proteinfolding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum er induces the accumulation of unfolded protein and er stress, which activates an unfolded protein response upr.
In this article we will discuss about the effect of salt stress on plants. A secondary aspect of salinity stress in plants is the stress induced pro. Excessive salt above what plants need limits plant growth and productivity and can lead to plant death. Changes and associations of genomic transcriptions and. Effects of abiotic stress on plants the university of liverpool. Salt stress presents an increasing threat to plant agriculture. Mechanisms of plant response to salt and drought stress. Effects of salt stress on different maize genotypes braz. Improving plant drought, salt, and freezing tolerance by gene. The deleterious effects of salinity on plant growth are associated with.
Plants withstand these stresses by modulating certain biochemical pathways. Salinity cause both osmotic stress and ionic toxicity which hamper the plant productivity by inhibiting or altering the plant growth, dry matter partitioning, seed. Despite this promising result, the development of a salt tolerant cultivar by way. Mechanisms of plant response to salt and drought stress and. Interestingly, agerelated differences in responses in plant cells, tissues and organs have been observed. The production of crop is low in saline soil due to salt toxicity which interferes with nutrient uptake.
Both aba and salt stress led to a depletion of starch and the accumulation of maltose. Positive regulatory role of strigolactone in plant. Although the physiological and molecular mechanisms that underlie plant responses to salt stress are becoming increasingly understood, epigenetic modifications, such as histone methylations and their potential regulation of the. Present study was carried out to study the effect of salt stress on morphomolecular characters of wheat genotypes. For this the total of fifteen varieties were collected, to evaluate the genetic diversity under the normal field condition and the effect of salt. The effects of salt stress on plant growth semantic scholar. Publications a variety of sorghum, sensitive to salinity, growing in sand culture and watered with a nutrient solution containing increasing concentrations of sodium chloride. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms mediating plant salt.